Turkish grammar: A2 guide
In this guide I cover the A2 grammar topics in learning order, each with its basic rule. The guide assumes you know the topics in the A1 guide.
The key to A2: from short sentences to long ones
At A1 you learned the structure of the verb: verb stem + (negation) + tense + personal ending. At A2 this order stays the same; new suffixes go between the stem and the tense suffix: gel-ebil-ir-im (I can come), gel-eme-di-m (I couldn’t come).
What is really new at A2 is joining two sentences into one. You do this with suffixes on the verb:
- Eve geldim. Yemek yedim. (I came home. I ate.) → Eve gelip yemek yedim. (I came home and ate.)
- Kahvaltı yapmadım. Evden çıktım. (I didn’t have breakfast. I left home.) → Kahvaltı yapmadan evden çıktım. (I left home without having breakfast.)
- Ders bitti. Parka gittik. (The lesson ended. We went to the park.) → Ders bittikten sonra parka gittik. (After the lesson ended, we went to the park.)
What these suffixes have in common is that they take no personal ending. Tense and person are shown by the last verb of the sentence.
1. The reported past: -mış
It describes past events the speaker did not see: things heard from someone else or understood from the result. The suffix has four forms: -mış / -miş / -muş / -müş.
Compare:
- Ali geldi. (Ali came. I saw it, I know it.)
- Ali gelmiş. (Apparently Ali came. Someone told me, or I saw his shoes at the door.)
| Person | Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| ben | gelmişim | gelmemişim | gelmiş miyim? |
| sen | gelmişsin | gelmemişsin | gelmiş misin? |
| o | gelmiş | gelmemiş | gelmiş mi? |
| biz | gelmişiz | gelmemişiz | gelmiş miyiz? |
| siz | gelmişsiniz | gelmemişsiniz | gelmiş misiniz? |
| onlar | gelmişler | gelmemişler | gelmişler mi? |
As in the present continuous, the question particle comes before the personal ending. With nouns the form is -(y)mış: Ayşe hastaymış. (Apparently Ayşe is ill.) Hava çok soğukmuş. (Apparently it is very cold.) Fairy tales are told in this tense: Bir varmış, bir yokmuş. (Once upon a time.)
2. Order in time: -madan önce, -dıktan sonra
At A1 you used “önce” (before) and “sonra” (after) with nouns: dersten önce (before the lesson), yemekten sonra (after the meal). At A2 you build the same meaning with verbs:
| Structure | Example |
|---|---|
| verb + -madan / -meden önce | Yatmadan önce dişlerimi fırçalarım. (I brush my teeth before going to bed.) |
| verb + -dıktan / -dikten / -duktan / -dükten sonra | Ders bittikten sonra parka gittik. (After the lesson ended, we went to the park.) |
-dıktan sonra has four forms and starts with t after a hard consonant: geldikten, okuduktan, gördükten; but yaptıktan, içtikten.
With “önce”, the negative form of the verb is used: yemeden önce (before eating). “Yemekten önce” is used for the noun “meal”: Yemekten önce elinizi yıkayın. (Wash your hands before the meal.)
3. Intensifying adjectives: masmavi, tertemiz
To make an adjective stronger, its first syllable is taken, m, p, r or s is added, and this is placed before the adjective:
- mavi, masmavi (blue, deep blue); kara, kapkara (black, pitch-black); beyaz, bembeyaz (white, snow-white); sarı, sapsarı (yellow, bright yellow); yeşil, yemyeşil (green, lush green); temiz, tertemiz (clean, spotless)
There is no single rule for which consonant is used; these forms are learned by ear. Intensifying is also done by repeating a word: yavaş yavaş (slowly), güzel güzel (nicely), ağır ağır (very slowly).
4. Gibi, kadar
These two words come after nouns and are written separately.
| Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| gibi | like | Kar gibi beyaz. (White as snow.) Annem gibi öğretmen olmak istiyorum. (I want to be a teacher like my mother.) |
| kadar | as … as | Ali, Ayşe kadar uzun. (Ali is as tall as Ayşe.) |
| kadar (with the dative) | until, as far as | Akşama kadar çalıştım. (I worked until the evening.) Eve kadar yürüdük. (We walked as far as home.) |
Singular pronouns and “bu, şu, o” take -ın: benim gibi (like me), senin kadar (as … as you), bunun gibi (like this). “Onlar” takes no suffix: onlar gibi (like them).
5. The aorist (simple present): -ır, -er
It describes habits, general truths, requests and offers:
| Use | Example |
|---|---|
| Habit | Her sabah kahve içerim. (I drink coffee every morning.) |
| General truth | Su yüz derecede kaynar. (Water boils at a hundred degrees.) |
| Request | Kapıyı açar mısın? (Could you open the door?) |
| Offer | Çay içer misiniz? (Would you like some tea?) |
| Promise | Yarın sana yardım ederim. (I’ll help you tomorrow.) |
The form of the suffix is chosen by three rules:
- If the stem ends in a vowel, only -r is added: oku-r, bekle-r, de-r.
- If the stem has one syllable and ends in a consonant, -ar / -er is added: yap-ar, iç-er, yaz-ar; git, et: gider, eder.
- If the stem has more than one syllable and ends in a consonant, -ır / -ir / -ur / -ür is added: çalış-ır, öğren-ir, konuş-ur, götür-ür.
The second rule has 13 exceptions; these one-syllable verbs take -ır: al, bil, bul, dur, gel, gör, kal, ol, öl, san, var, ver, vur (alır, bilir, bulur, durur, gelir, görür, kalır, olur, ölür, sanır, varır, verir, vurur). This list has to be memorised.
Positive, negative and question:
| Person | Positive | Negative | Question |
|---|---|---|---|
| ben | yaparım | yapmam | yapar mıyım? |
| sen | yaparsın | yapmazsın | yapar mısın? |
| o | yapar | yapmaz | yapar mı? |
| biz | yaparız | yapmayız | yapar mıyız? |
| siz | yaparsınız | yapmazsınız | yapar mısınız? |
| onlar | yaparlar | yapmazlar | yaparlar mı? |
The negative suffix is -maz / -mez; only for ben and biz it becomes -ma-m and -ma-y-ız: yapmam, yapmayız. As in the present continuous, the question particle comes before the personal ending.
6. -ken: çocukken, öğrenciyken
It shows when a state was or is true: Çocukken çok oynadım. (When I was a child, I played a lot.) Öğrenciyken Ankara’da yaşadım. (When I was a student, I lived in Ankara.) Evdeyken kitap okurum. (When I’m at home, I read books.) After a noun ending in a vowel, y comes in: öğrenci-y-ken, hasta-y-ken. -ken does not follow vowel harmony; it is always -ken. Its use with verbs (ders çalışırken, while studying) usually comes with a compound tense (Ben ders çalışırken o uyuyordu, while I was studying, he was sleeping), so it is a B1 topic.
7. Bence, bana göre, -ca
To give an opinion, use bence, sence (in my opinion, in your opinion) or -a göre (according to): Bence bu film çok güzel. (In my opinion this film is very good.) Bana göre en güzel şehir İzmir. (For me the most beautiful city is İzmir.) Hava durumuna göre yarın yağmur yağacak. (According to the weather forecast, it will rain tomorrow.)
-ca / -ce (after a hard consonant -ça / -çe) adds two meanings:
- Language: Türkçe, Rusça, İngilizce (Turkish, Russian, English)
- Manner: sessizce (quietly), dostça (in a friendly way), çocukça (childishly)
8. Conjunctions: hem… hem, ne… ne, bu yüzden
| Conjunction | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| bu yüzden, bu sebeple | so, for this reason | Çok yorgundum, bu yüzden erken yattım. (I was very tired, so I went to bed early.) |
| hem… hem | both … and | Hem Türkçe hem Rusça biliyorum. (I know both Turkish and Russian.) |
| ne… ne | neither … nor | Ne çay ne kahve içerim. (I drink neither tea nor coffee.) |
| ya… ya | either … or | Ya bugün ya yarın gelecek. (He will come either today or tomorrow.) |
| belki… belki | maybe … maybe | Belki sinemaya, belki tiyatroya gideriz. (Maybe we’ll go to the cinema, maybe to the theatre.) |
| ister… ister | whether … or, it doesn’t matter | İster çay iç, ister kahve. (Drink tea or coffee, as you like.) |
With ne… ne, the sentence is grammatically positive but its meaning is negative: Ne çay ne kahve içerim (I drink neither of them). The verb is not made negative: “Ne çay ne kahve içmem” is wrong.
9. Verbs as nouns: -ma, -mak, -ış
A verb can be used like a noun; then it can also take case and possessive suffixes:
- -mak / -mek: Yüzmek sağlıklıdır. (Swimming is healthy.) Türkçe öğrenmeyi seviyorum. (I love learning Turkish.) (-mak + accusative: -mayı)
- -ma / -me + possessive suffix: Senin gelmen çok önemli. (It is very important that you come.) Annem erken uyumamı istiyor. (My mother wants me to go to bed early.)
- -ış / -iş / -uş / -üş: Bu yürüyüş çok güzeldi. (This walk was very nice.) Onun gülüşü çok tatlı. (Her smile is very sweet.)
With a case suffix, the -mak form changes: öğrenmeyi, öğrenmeye, öğrenmekte, öğrenmekten.
10. Reported speech: “Gel” dedi, gelmemi söyledi
When you report someone’s command, the verb takes -ma + possessive suffix + accusative and is used with söylemek (to tell) or istemek (to ask):
- Annem bana “Odanı temizle.” dedi. (My mother said to me, “Clean your room.”)
- Annem bana odamı temizlememi söyledi. (My mother told me to clean my room.)
- Annem benden odamı temizlememi istedi. (My mother asked me to clean my room.)
With söylemek the person is in the dative (bana); with istemek in the ablative (benden). For a negative command: “Geç kalma.” dedi. Geç kalmamamı söyledi. (He said, “Don’t be late.” He told me not to be late.)
11. Converbs: -ıp, -madan, -arak
Converbs join two actions in one sentence and take no personal ending.
| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| -(y)ıp / -(y)ip / -(y)up / -(y)üp | and, then | Yemeği yiyip çıktı. (He ate and left.) Eve gelip dinlendim. (I came home and rested.) |
| -mayıp / -meyip | instead of doing | Okula gitmeyip evde kaldı. (Instead of going to school, she stayed at home.) |
| -madan / -meden | without doing | Kahvaltı yapmadan çıktım. (I left without having breakfast.) |
| -(y)arak / -(y)erek | by, in a manner | Yürüyerek eve döndüm. (I walked home.) Film izleyerek Türkçe öğreniyorum. (I learn Turkish by watching films.) |
| -(y)a … -(y)a | continuously, repeatedly | Koşa koşa geldi. (He came running.) Güle güle kullanın. (Enjoy using it.) |
Two verbs joined with -ıp have the same tense and person; the last verb shows them: Eve gelip dinlendim (I came and I rested).
12. Ability: -ebil (yapabilirim)
It expresses ability, permission and possibility: verb stem + -(y)abil / -(y)ebil + tense + personal ending.
- Türkçe konuş-abil-ir-im. (I can speak Turkish. Ability)
- Gir-ebil-ir miyim? (May I come in? Permission)
- Yarın yağmur yağ-abil-ir. (It may rain tomorrow. Possibility)
After a stem ending in a vowel, y comes in: oku-y-abilirim, bekle-y-ebilirim. It is also used for requests: Bana yardım edebilir misin? (Can you help me?)
-abil is not used in the negative. Instead, -(y)ama / -(y)eme is used: yapamam (I can’t do), gelemem (I can’t come), okuyamam (I can’t read). “Yapmabilirim” is wrong.
The ability suffix also works with other tenses: yapabildim, yapabiliyorum, yapabileceğim; in the negative yapamadım, yapamıyorum, yapamayacağım.
13. -mak için, -mak üzere, diye
-mak / -mek için shows purpose: Türkçe öğrenmek için diziler izliyorum. (I watch series to learn Turkish.) Seni görmek için geldim. (I came to see you.) With verbs of movement, the dative gives the same meaning: Seni görmeye geldim.
-mak / -mek üzere has two meanings:
- About to happen: Tren kalkmak üzere. (The train is about to leave.) Kitabı bitirmek üzereyim. (I’m about to finish the book.)
- Purpose: Yemek yapmak üzere mutfağa girdi. (She went into the kitchen to cook.)
diye reports someone’s words exactly: “Nasılsın?” diye sordu. (He asked, “How are you?”) “İyiyim.” diye cevap verdim. (I answered, “I’m fine.”)
14. The participle: -an, -en
It turns a verb into an adjective that describes the person or thing doing the action: verb + -(y)an / -(y)en + noun.
- gel-en öğrenci (the student who comes / came)
- Kitap oku-y-an kız benim kardeşim. (The girl reading a book is my sister.)
- Türkçe bil-en biri lazım. (We need someone who knows Turkish.)
In the negative: -mayan / -meyen: Türkçe bilmeyen öğrenciler (students who don’t know Turkish). It can also be used without a noun: Gelenler kim? (Who are the people who came?)
Next step
As the detailed article on each topic is published, it will be linked here. To review the A1 topics, see the A1 guide; to check your level, see the levels page. If you have a question, ask me.
Video lessons on this topic
5:41 Nerede, Kimde: -da, -de, -ta, -te
The lesson opens with a scene in the style of the series Magnificent Century: Hürrem Sultan nerede?
4:01 Hürrem Sultan nerede? -da and -ta
Part 2 takes the rule from Part 1 into a short dialogue in the style of Magnificent Century.
Have a question about this lesson? Ask it here
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